Tuesday, December 24, 2019

Questions On Chapter Summaries Of Chapter 17 - 898 Words

Discuss questions chapter 17-23: Chapter 17: 1. The stirrings had returned, and he felt a little guilty and embarrassed about the pleasurable dreams that came to him as he slept. And his new, heightened feelings permeated a greater realm than simply his sleep. But he knew he couldn’t go back to the world of no feeling that he had lived in so long. 2. Jonas has lost his childhood, his friendship, and his carefree sense of security. His innocence seemed to be slipping away. Chapter 18: 3. Rosemary was the old receiver and she was a remarkable young woman. Very self-possessed and serene. Intelligent and eager to learn. The giver gave her memories of anguish as poverty, hunger and terror. One day after the giver transmitted her memory of pain she immediately went to the Chief Elder and asked for release. 4. The receiver’s job is so vital to the book’s community, because the community of elders wants the memories that the giver has to guide the community and help them from falling in danger. If there is a problem the Committees of Elders hurry up for an advice from The Giver, (his advice is based on past history). Chapter 19: 5. Jonas learn that release, is done through injection with a fluid in the veins which kills. Jonas felt ripping sensation inside himself, the feeling of terrible pain clawing its way forward to emerge in a cry. Jonas was also upset because he saw his father killing a teeny-weeny less weight twin baby, feeling calm and not caring. 6. Jonas’s fatherShow MoreRelatedInformation technology for managers1289 Words   |  6 Pagesinformation and technology assistance, contact us at Cengage Learning Academic Resource Center, 1-800-354-9706 For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions Further permission questions can be emailed to permissionrequest@cengage.com Content Product Manager: Heather Furrow Senior Art Director: Stacy Jenkins Shirley Cover Designer: Lou Ann Thesing Cover Image:  ©Getty Images/Photodisc Technology Project Manager: Chris Valentine Read MoreSex-Linked Traits Through Meiosis and How It Relates to Genetics.1609 Words   |  7 Pages |10/10/12 | | |Participation |Participate in class discussion. |10/10/12 |2 | |Discussion Questions |Respond to weekly discussion questions. |10/10/12 |2 | |Independent Activities and |Listen to the following MP3 tutorials by selecting the Student Text Resources link located on|10/10/12Read MorePortrait Of A Lady By Khushwant Singh Chapter Summary CBSE Class XI XII CBSE Class 11 12 Study Materials Homework Help Extra Questions1287 Words   |  6 Pages(1) ââ€" ¼Ã‚   2013 (8) ââ€" ºÃ‚   August (1) ââ€" ¼Ã‚   July (7) Shirley Toulson A Bio Sketch The Photograph by Shirley Toulson Extra Question... 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Monday, December 16, 2019

Sampling Free Essays

Sampling Samplingis that portion ofstatisticalpractice concerned with the choice of an indifferent orrandomsubset of single observations within a population of persons intended to give some cognition about thepopulationof concern, particularly for the intents of doing anticipations based onstatistical illation. Sampling is an of import facet ofdata collection.AL The three chief advantages of trying are that the cost is lower, informations aggregation is faster, and since the information set is smaller it is possible to guarantee homogeneousness and to better the truth and quality of the informations. We will write a custom essay sample on Sampling or any similar topic only for you Order Now Eachobservationmeasures one or more belongingss ( such as weight, location, colour ) of discernible organic structures distinguished as independent objects or persons. Insurvey sampling, study weights can be applied to the informations to set for thesample design. Results fromprobability theoryandstatistical theoryare employed to steer pattern. Procedure The sampling procedure comprises several phases: * Specifying the population of concern * Stipulating asampling frame, asetof points or events possible to mensurate * Stipulating asampling methodfor choosing points or events from the frame * Determining the sample size * Implementing the sampling program * Sampling and informations roll uping * Reviewing the sampling procedure Population definition Successful statistical pattern is based on focussed job definition. In trying, this includes specifying thepopulationfrom which our sample is drawn. A population can be defined as including all people or points with the characteristic one want to understand. Because there is really seldom adequate clip or money to garner information from everyone or everything in a population, the end becomes happening a representative sample ( or subset ) of that population. Although the population of involvement frequently consists of physical objects, sometimes we need to try over clip, infinite, or some combination of these dimensions. For case, an probe of supermarket staffing could analyze check-out procedure line length at assorted times, or a survey on endangered penguins might take to understand their use of assorted runing evidences over clip. For the clip dimension, the focal point may be on periods or distinct occasions. Sampling frame In the most straightforward instance, such as the sentencing of a batch of stuff from production ( credence sampling by tonss ) , it is possible to place and mensurate every individual point in the population and to include any one of them in our sample. However, in the more general instance this is non possible. There is no manner to place all rats in the set of all rats. Not all frames explicitly list population elements. For illustration, a street map can be used as a frame for a door-to-door study ; although it does n’t demo single houses, we can choose streets from the map and so see all houses on those streets. The sampling frame must be representative of the population and this is a inquiry outside the range of statistical theory demanding the judgement of experts in the peculiar capable affair being studied. All the above frames omit some people who will vote at the following election and incorporate some people who will non ; some frames will incorporate multiple records for the same individual. Peoples non in the frame have no chance of being sampled. Statistical theory Tells us about the uncertainnesss in generalizing from a sample to the frame. In generalizing from frame to population, its function is motivational and implicative. A frame may besides supply extra ‘auxiliary information ‘ about its elements ; when this information is related to variables or groups of involvement, it may be used to better study design. Probability and non chance trying Aprobability samplingscheme is one in which every unit in the population has a opportunity ( greater than zero ) of being selected in the sample, and this chance can be accurately determined. The combination of these traits makes it possible to bring forth indifferent estimations of population sums, by burdening sampled units harmonizing to their chance of choice. Probability trying includes: Simple Random Sampling, Systematic Sampling, and Stratified Sampling, Probability Proportional to Size Sampling, and Cluster or Multistage Sampling. These assorted ways of chance trying have two things in common: 1. Every component has a known nonzero chance of being sampled and 2. Involves random choice at some point. Nonprobability samplingis any sampling method where some elements of the population havenochance of choice, or where the chance of choice ca n’t be accurately determined. It involves the choice of elements based on premises sing the population of involvement, which forms the standard for choice. Hence, because the choice of elements is nonrandom, nonprobability sampling does non let the appraisal of trying mistakes. These conditions place bounds on how much information a sample can supply about the population. Information about the relationship between sample and population is limited, doing it hard to generalize from the sample to the population. Nonprobability Sampling includes: Accidental Sampling, Quota SamplingandPurposive Sampling. In add-on, nonresponse effects may turnanyprobability design into a nonprobability design if the features of nonresponse are non good understood, since nonresponse efficaciously modifies each component ‘s chance of being sampled. Sampling methods Within any of the types of frame identified above, a assortment of trying methods can be employed, separately or in combination. Factors normally act uponing the pick between these designs include: * Nature and quality of the frame * Availability of subsidiary information about units on the frame * Accuracy demands, and the demand to mensurate truth * Whether detailed analysis of the sample is expected * Cost/operational concerns Simple random trying In asimple random sample ( ‘SRS ‘ ) of a given size, all such subsets of the frame are given an equal chance. Each component of the frame therefore has an equal chance of choice: the frame is non subdivided or partitioned. Furthermore, any givenpairof elements has the same opportunity of choice as any other such brace ( and likewise for three-base hits, and so on ) . This minimises prejudice and simplifies analysis of consequences. In peculiar, the discrepancy between single consequences within the sample is a good index of discrepancy in the overall population, which makes it comparatively easy to gauge the truth of consequences. However, SRS can be vulnerable to trying mistake because the entropy of the choice may ensue in a sample that does n’t reflect the make-up of the population. For case, a simple random sample of 10 people from a given state willon averageproduce five work forces and five adult females, but any given test is likely to overrepresent one sex and underrepresent the other. SRS may besides be cumbrous and boring when trying from an remarkably big mark population. In some instances, research workers are interested in research inquiries specific to subgroups of the population. For illustration, research workers might be interested in analyzing whether cognitive ability as a forecaster of occupation public presentation is every bit applicable across racial groups. SRS can non suit the demands of research workers in this state of affairs because it does non supply subsamples of the population. Systematic sampling Systematic samplingrelies on set uping the mark population harmonizing to some telling strategy and so choosing elements at regular intervals through that ordered list. Systematic trying involves a random start and so returns with the choice of everykth component from so onwards. In this instance, k= ( population size/sample size ) . It is of import that the starting point is non automatically the first in the list, but is alternatively indiscriminately chosen from within the first to thekth component in the list. Equally long as the get downing point israndomized, systematic sampling is a type ofprobability sampling. It is easy to implement and thestratificationinduced can do it efficient, ifthe variable by which the list is ordered is correlated with the variable of involvement. However, systematic sampling is particularly vulnerable to cyclicities in the list. If cyclicity is present and the period is a multiple or factor of the interval used, the sample is particularly likely to beunrepresentative of the overall population, doing the strategy less accurate than simple random sampling. Another drawback of systematic sampling is that even in scenarios where it is more accurate than SRS, its theoretical belongingss make it hard toquantifythat truth. Systematic sampling is an EPS method, because all elements have the same chance of choice. Stratified sampling Where the population embraces a figure of distinguishable classs, the frame can be organized by these classs into separate â€Å" strata. † Each stratum is so sampled as an independent sub-population, out of which single elements can be indiscriminately selected. There are several possible benefits to stratified sampling. First, spliting the population into distinguishable, independent strata can enable research workers to pull illations about specific subgroups that may be lost in a more generalised random sample. Second, using a graded sampling method can take to more efficient statistical estimations ( provided that strata are selected based upon relevancy to the standard in inquiry, alternatively of handiness of the samples ) . Even if a graded sampling attack does non take to increased statistical efficiency, such a maneuver will non ensue in less efficiency than would simple random sampling, provided that each stratum is relative to the group ‘s size in the population. Third, it is sometimes the instance that informations are more readily available for single, preexistent strata within a population than for the overall population ; in such instances, utilizing a graded sampling attack may be more convenient than aggregating informations across groups ( though this may potentially be at odds with the antecedently noted importance of using criterion-relevant strata ) . Finally, since each stratum is treated as an independent population, different trying attacks can be applied to different strata, potentially enabling research workers to utilize the attack best suited ( or most cost-efficient ) for each identified subgroup within the population. A graded sampling attack is most effectual when three conditions are met 1. Variability within strata are minimized 2. Variability between strata are maximized 3. The variables upon which the population is stratified are strongly correlated with the coveted dependant variable. Advantages over other trying methods 1. Focuss on of import subpopulations and ignores irrelevant 1s. 2. Allows usage of different trying techniques for different subpopulations. 3. Improves the accuracy/efficiency of appraisal. 4. Licenses greater reconciliation of statistical power of trials of differences between strata by trying equal Numberss from strata changing widely in size. Disadvantages 1. Requires choice of relevant stratification variables which can be hard. 2. Is non utile when there are no homogenous subgroups. 3. Can be expensive to implement. Probability proportional to size sampling In some instances the sample interior decorator has entree to an â€Å" subsidiary variable † or â€Å" size step † , believed to be correlated to the variable of involvement, for each component in the population. This information can be used to better truth in sample design. One option is to utilize the subsidiary variable as a footing for stratification, as discussed above. Another option is probability-proportional-to-size ( ‘PPS ‘ ) sampling, in which the choice chance for each component is set to be relative to its size step, up to a upper limit of 1. In a simple PPS design, these choice chances can so be used as the footing forPoisson trying. However, this has the drawbacks of variable sample size, and different parts of the population may still be over- or under-represented due to opportunity fluctuation in choices. To turn to this job, PPS may be combined with a systematic attack. The PPS attack can better truth for a given sample size by concentrating sample on big elements that have the greatest impact on population estimations. PPS sampling is normally used for studies of concerns, where component size varies greatly and subsidiary information is frequently available – for case, a study trying to mensurate the figure of guest-nights spent in hotels might utilize each hotel ‘s figure of suites as an subsidiary variable. In some instances, an older measuring of the variable of involvement can be used as an subsidiary variable when trying to bring forth more current estimations. Bunch trying Sometimes it is cheaper to ‘cluster ‘ the sample in some manner e.g. by choosing respondents from certain countries merely, or certain time-periods merely. ( About all samples are in some sense ‘clustered ‘ in clip – although this is seldom taken into history in the analysis. ) Cluster samplingis an illustration of ‘two-stage trying ‘ or ‘multistage trying ‘ : in the first phase a sample of countries is chosen ; in the 2nd phase a sample of respondentswithinthose countries is selected. This can cut down travel and other administrative costs. It besides means that one does non necessitate asampling framelisting all elements in the mark population. Alternatively, bunchs can be chosen from a cluster-level frame, with an element-level frame created merely for the selected bunchs. Cluster trying by and large increases the variableness of sample estimations above that of simple random sampling, depending on how the bunchs differ between themselves, as compared with the within-cluster fluctuation. However, some of the disadvantages of bunch trying are the trust of sample estimation preciseness on the existent bunchs chosen. If bunchs chosen are biased in a certain manner, illations drawn about population parametric quantities from these sample estimations will be far off from being accurate. Matched random trying A method of delegating participants to groups in which brace of participants are foremost matched on some characteristic and so separately assigned indiscriminately to groups. The process for matched random sampling can be briefed with the following contexts, * Two samples in which the members are clearly paired, or are matched explicitly by the research worker. For illustration, IQ measurings or braces of indistinguishable twins. * Those samples in which the same property, or variable, is measured twice on each topic, under different fortunes. Normally called perennial steps. Examples include the times of a group of jocks for 1500m before and after a hebdomad of particular preparation ; the milk outputs of cattles before and after being fed a peculiar diet. Quota trying Inquota sampling, the population is foremost segmented intomutually exclusivesub-groups, merely as instratified sampling. Then judgement is used to choose the topics or units from each section based on a specified proportion. For illustration, an interviewer may be told to try 200 females and 300 males between the age of 45 and 60. It is this 2nd measure which makes the technique one of non-probability sampling. In quota trying the choice of the sample is non-random. For illustration interviewers might be tempted to interview those who look most helpful. The job is that these samples may be biased because non everyone gets a opportunity of choice. This random component is its greatest failing and quota versus chance has been a affair of contention for many old ages Convenience sampling Convenience samplingis a type of nonprobability trying which involves the sample being drawn from that portion of the population which is close to manus. That is, a sample population selected because it is readily available and convenient. The research worker utilizing such a sample can non scientifically do generalisations about the entire population from this sample because it would non be representative plenty. For illustration, if the interviewer was to carry on such a study at a shopping centre early in the forenoon on a given twenty-four hours, the people that he/she could interview would be limited to those given there at that given clip, which would non stand for the positions of other members of society in such an country, if the study was to be conducted at different times of twenty-four hours and several times per hebdomad. This type of trying is most utile for pilot proving. Several of import considerations for research workers utilizing convenience samples include: * Are at that place controls within the research design or experiment which can function to decrease the impact of a non-random, convenience sample whereby guaranting the consequences will be more representative of the population? * Is at that place good ground to believe that a peculiar convenience sample would or should react or act otherwise than a random sample from the same population? * Is the inquiry being asked by the research 1 that can adequately be answered utilizing a convenience sample? Panel sampling Panel samplingis the method of first choosing a group of participants through a random trying method and so inquiring that group for the same information once more several times over a period of clip. Therefore, each participant is given the same study or interview at two or more clip points ; each period of informations aggregation is called a â€Å" moving ridge † . This trying methodological analysis is frequently chosen for big graduated table or nation-wide surveies in order to estimate alterations in the population with respect to any figure of variables from chronic unwellness to occupation emphasis to weekly nutrient outgos. Panel sampling can besides be used to inform research workers about within-person wellness alterations due to age or aid explicate alterations in uninterrupted dependent variables such as bridal interaction. There have been several proposed methods of analysing panel sample informations, including MANOVA, growing curves, and structural equation pat terning with lagged effects. Replacement of selected units Sampling strategies may bewithout replacementorwith replacing. For illustration, if we catch fish, mensurate them, and instantly return them to the H2O before go oning with the sample, this is a WR design, because we might stop up catching and mensurating the same fish more than one time. However, if we do non return the fish to the H2O ( e.g. if we eat the fish ) , this becomes a WOR design. Formulas Where the frame and population are indistinguishable, statistical theory outputs exact recommendations onsample size. However, where it is non straightforward to specify a frame representative of the population, it is more of import to understand thecause systemof which the population are results and to guarantee that all beginnings of fluctuation are embraced in the frame. Large Numberss of observations are of no value if major beginnings of fluctuation are neglected in the survey. In other words, it is taking a sample group that matches the study class and is easy to study. Research Information Technology, Learning, and Performance Journalthat provides an account of Cochran ‘s expression. A treatment and illustration of sample size expressions, including the expression for seting the sample size for smaller populations, is included. A tabular array is provided that can be used to choose the sample size for a research job based on three alpha degrees and a set mistake rate. Stairss for utilizing sample size tabular arraies 1. Contend the consequence size of involvement, ? , and ? . 2. Check sample size tabular array 1. Choose the tabular array matching to the selected ? 2. Locate the row matching to the coveted power 3. Locate the column matching to the estimated consequence size 4. The intersection of the column and row is the minimal sample size required. Sampling and informations aggregation Good informations aggregation involves: * Following the defined sampling procedure * Keeping the information in clip order * Noting remarks and other contextual events * Recording non-responses Most sampling books and documents written by non-statisticians focused merely in the informations aggregation facet, which is merely a little though of import portion of the sampling procedure. Mistakes in research There are ever mistakes in a research. By trying, the entire mistakes can be classified into trying mistakes and non-sampling mistakes. Sampling mistake Sampling mistakes are caused by trying design. It includes: ( 1 ) Choice mistake: Incorrect choice chances are used.( 2 ) Appraisal mistake: Biased parametric quantity estimation because of the elements in these samples. Non-sampling mistake Non-sampling mistakes are caused by the errors in informations processing. It includes: ( 1 ) Overcoverage: Inclusion of informations from exterior of the population.( 2 ) Undercoverage: Sampling frame does non include elements in the population.( 3 ) Measurement mistake: The respondents misunderstand the inquiry.( 4 ) Processing mistake: Mistakes in informations cryptography. In many state of affairss the sample fraction may be varied by stratum and informations will hold to be weighted to right stand for the population. Thus for illustration, a simple random sample of persons in the United Kingdom might include some in distant Scots islands who would be extraordinarily expensive to try. A cheaper method would be to utilize a graded sample with urban and rural strata. The rural sample could be under-represented in the sample, but weighted up suitably in the analysis to counterbalance. More by and large, informations should normally be weighted if the sample design does non give each person an equal opportunity of being selected. For case, when families have equal choice chances but one individual is interviewed from within each family, this gives people from big families a smaller opportunity of being interviewed. This can be accounted for utilizing study weights. Similarly, families with more than one telephone line have a greater opportunity of being selected in a random figure dialing sample, and weights can set for this. How to cite Sampling, Essay examples

Saturday, December 7, 2019

Monetary Liability For Breach Duty Of Care -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Is Iggy Entitled To Bring Legal Claims Under The Australian Consumer Law Against Henry? Answer: Introducation Negligence is the most common tort which arises when a person causes harm to another person owing to the carelessness of the person causing such harm[1]. After the reforms in civil liability, the law related to negligence is governed by both the Common law and statutory legislations. Under the Common Law, in order to establish a claim of negligence, the aggrieved party is required to prove the following essential elements: the defendant owed a duty of care towards the plaintiff; the defendant committed a breach of such duty of care; the breach has resulted in damages suffered by the plaintiff; the harm caused to the plaintiff was reasonable foreseeable by the plaintiff; Duty of care- the principle of duty of care was established in the case of Donoghue v Stevenson [1932][2], where the neighbor principle was introduced for the first time. The rule states that one must love his neighbor and must take reasonable care to prevent acts or omissions that is reasonably foreseeable to cause any injury to his neighbor[3]. The term neighbor refers to any person who is directly affected by the acts of the defendant. Breach of duty of care- after it is established that the defendant owed a duty of care towards the plaintiff. It is important to establish that the defendant has breached the duty of care. It cannot be assumed that since a person owes a duty of care, he has committed a breach of such duty. According to section 9 of the Civil Liability Act 2003 (Qld), a person is said to commit a breach of duty if: the person could reasonably foresee the risk; the risks was not significant; any reasonable person would have taken precautions to avert the risks if he was in the position of the defendant; Similarly, under the Common Law, in order to claim that the defendant has violated his duty of care, it is necessary to establish that the defendant had failed to avert the risks what any reasonable person would have done in the same position under same circumstances[4]. Causation- the plaintiff must prove that the breach has caused harm to the plaintiff and such harm was reasonably foreseeable by the defendant but the defendant failed to aver such harm. The causation is decided by applying the but for test as was held in the Barnett v Chelsea Kensington Hospital [1969][5]. It implies that the risk was reasonably foreseeable but for the negligence of the defendant, the risk could not be avoided. According to section 11 of the Civil Liability Act 2003 (Qld), the plaintiff is required to establish that the breach of duty was a necessary condition of the harm that was caused to the plaintiff[6]. Damages- the plaintiff must establish that the damage was a result of the breach of the duty of care on part of the defendant and although the risk was foreseeable, the defendant failed to avert the risk, which directly caused damages to the plaintiff as was observed in Wagon Bound no 1 [1961][7]. The actual harm must have been caused by the defendants action or omission owing to the reasonably foreseeable consequence of the breach of the defendant. Defenses However, even after the plaintiff succeeds in establishing the essential elements to bring a claim against the defendant, the defendant might be able to minimize or avert the liability of negligence. In order to reduce or exempt from the claims of negligence, the defendant must prove the existence of one or more of the following defenses: the plaintiff had knowledge and appreciation of the risk; the plaintiff had willingly agreed to the risk with his consent; The defendant cannot state that the plaintiff had voluntarily assumed the risk if the injuries sustained or damages suffered by the plaintiff was the consequence of the action or omission of the defendant. The defendant must prove that the risk accepted by the plaintiff is not the result of the action or omission of the defendant. Application As was observed in the case Donoghue v Stevenson, in order to establish that the defendant owed a duty of care towards the plaintiff, the plaintiff must prove that the plaintiff and the defendant are related to the extent that the defendant should have taken reasonable steps to avert any act or omission. Further, the defendant could reasonably foresee that such act or omission would cause harm to the plaintiff. On the facts here, BizCorpz organized a rock concert in a concert performance tent. The concert was organized during the summers and the fans would stand for three hours inside the tent to watch the performance. Here, the BizCorpz hired a performance tent that would accommodate 200 people having one front entrance and exit doorway and three other exits and entry doorways. However, to prevent people from entering without a ticket they have closed the other three exit and entry doorways leaving only one front entry and exit doorways. The BizCorpz owed a duty of care towards the music fans and should have taken reasonable steps to ensure that no harm is caused to them. The tent had no ventilation, no air-condition and it was getting hotter causing some fans to collapse from the heat. BizCorpz was aware of the fact that the concert was being held during the summer and the tent had no air-condition neither any ventilation, hence, it is obvious that some fans might fall sick due to the heat inside the tent. Moreover, since they allowed the fans to enter without any ticket, it was again obvious more people will come to see their performance and consequently, the tent got overcrowded as 400 people were allowed to enter into the concert. As held under section 9 of the Civil Liability Act 2003 (Qld), a defendant is considered to have committed a breach of his duty of care if he failed to avert the risk that was reasonably foreseeable and the risk was not significant[8]. Any reasonable person would have averted the risk if they were in the position of the plaintiff under same circumstances[9]. The risk involved in the given scenario was reasonably foreseeable because as it is the concert was being held in summers and that too inside a tent that could accommodate only 200 people. Moreover, it lacked air-conditioning and ventilation; under such circumstances any reasonable person would have arranged to install air-condition or ventilation to prevent the fans from collapsing. Furthermore, despite the availability of three extra exits and entry doorways they had only one front doorway and exits opened for the fans. While they announced 15-minute break allowing the fans to go out and have fresh air, BrizCorpz should have opened the other three exits doorways given that the tent was over crowded with 200 extra people. Any reasonable person in the position of BizCorpz would have done the same to prevent the risk of sustaining injuries while going out of the tent along with heat exhaustion, de-hydration, and fainting. As explained in the Barnett v Chelseas case, applying the but for test it can be argued that the risk of sustaining injuries, fainting, heat exhaustion was reasonably foreseeable and could have been avoided but for negligence on part of the BizCorpz, they failed to take reasonable steps to avert such risk of harm caused to the 150 music fans. The injuries sustained by the fans were a direct result of consequence of the breach committed by BizCorpz. As per section 11 of the Civil Liability Act 2003 (Qld), the duty of care breached by BizCorpz formed the necessary condition of harm that was caused to the music fans. The injured fans have sustained such injuries while exiting out of the concert and such injuries is the result of the failure to avert the risks that was reasonably foreseeable by any prudent person. In regards to the music fan, Chris, the BizCorpz had asked the fans not to consume alcohol or take any illegal drugs at the concert inside the tent. However, Chris had entered into the concert with 12 bottles of beer and finished all the bottles during the first hour of the concert. Consequently, when the break was announced, Chris fell over and sustained injuries from the fans that were leaving the tent. Under such circumstances, BizCorpz may use the defense that Chris was aware that the consumption of illegal drugs and alcohol was not permitted at the concert inside the tent. Despite being aware of the fact that alcohol was not allowed at the concert, he carried 12 bottles and got himself drunk. This can be considered as voluntary assumption of risk where Chris voluntarily accepted the risk of consuming alcohol inside the tent knowing that it was not permitted and that it may cause injuries to him. BizCorpz may state that Chris willingly appreciated the risk and agreed to it without any restraint. The strongest argument that BizCorpz may present is that the injuries sustained by Chris did not result from the consequence of his breach of duty of care. Even if BizCorpz had not committed a breach of duty of care, Chris would have sustained injuries, as he was drunk because of which he tripped and fell over. Had Chris not entered into the concert with alcohol and drank all the 12 bottles, he would not have tripped and fell over. The other fans collapsed due to heat exhaustion unlike Chris who fell over as he was drunk and thereafter, was walked on and sustained injuries. The Australian Consumer Law is applicable to all individuals and businesses along with the consumers within the meaning of section 3 of the Act provided the relevant conduct is related to commerce or trade[10]. The ACL safeguard the consumers by prohibiting unconscionable conduct, misleading or deceptive conduct, unfair terms and other various specific kinds of prohibited contract. According to section 18 (1) of the Act, a person is prohibited from engaging into any conduct that is misleading or deceptive or is likely to deceive or mislead[11]. The section is not only restricted to consumers but is also applicable to any interested public as was observed in Eveready Australia Pty Ltd v Gillette Australia Pty Ltd [2000][12]. There are three essential requirements that must be fulfilled by the aggrieved party to establish that a person or business has been engaged in a conduct that is deceptive or misleading. A person is said to have been engaged in a conduct if such person makes a statement or promise or claim or performs an action as was held in Henjo Investments Pty Ltd v Collins Marrickville Pty Ltd (1989)[13]; The conduct referred to is related to some form of trade or commerce; The conduct was deceiving or misleading; In order o determine whether a conduct was misleading and deceptive, the court shall apply the objective test that was applied in the Taco v Taco Bell [1982][14]. Further, the misleading or a deceptive conduct extends to non-disclosure of any relevant information related to the concerned goods or services. The Australian Consumer law prohibits a person or businesses from engaging into unfair practices under section 29 of the Competition and Consumer Act. According to section 29 of the Act, the making of false representation is strictly prohibited as was observed in the ACCC v Apple Pty Ltd [2012][15]. The following practices may be categorized as false representations amounting to unfair practices: Making false statements with respect to the goods regarding its standard, value, quality, composition, model, style or any particular history or previous use of the goods; Making statement stating that the goods are new; Making false statements regarding the exclusion or existence or any warranty, guarantee or effect of the goods; The other form of unfair practices include bait advertising under section 35 of ACL which implies that placing a product at a price that attracts the buyers when the person advertising knows that he will not be able to supply those services or goods. Further, the ACL stipulates certain statutory guarantees to the consumers that are implied and must be complied by the person providing such services or products[16]. According to section 54 of the Act, the person receiving the service is entitled to receive services or goods of acceptable quality and that matches with the description made by the person providing such services or goods[17]. According to section 57 of the Act, the goods or services provided must corresponds with the any demonstration model or sample in quality, condition or state. With respect to the supply of services to the consumer, the person providing such services shall render the same with due care and skill[18]. According to section 61 of the Act, the services and any product resulting from the services should be fit for the purpose for which the service or the goods obtained by the person[19]. In the event of a breach of any statutory provision, the aggrieved person may be entitled to compensation and bring a civil action against the breaching party. The person breaching the statutory provision may be subject to criminal penalty or severe financial liabilities. As discussed above that the Australian Consumer Law extends protection to all individuals apart from the consumers within section 3 of the Act with respect to conduct related to trade or commerce. On the facts here, Iggy wishes to record a song Happy Birthday as a birthday present for his daughter and contacts the Conway Recording studios owned by Harry Conway. Henry states that the studio produces recordings that are of best quality. On inspection, Iggy found a BlauGunkt sound recorder machine in the studio, which is famous in the music industry for producing high-quality sound recordings. Iggy points at the machine and agrees to record as it produces great music and he has worked with it before. Here, it is implied that the Iggy had agreed to record his song with the BlauGunkt recording machine as he has worked with it before and produces great music. He mentions it by pointing at the machine and agrees to record the song at $7000. Later, he finds that Harry has used the Donstretta Sound recorder machine because of which the sound quality was poor. Donstretta is an Italian recording system that is known for producing poor quality machine. As discussed above, section 18 of the ACL prohibits any person from making false statements about any product or services that misleads or deceives the persons purchasing such product or services. As explained in the Henjos case, Henry was engaged in a conduct where he misled or deceived Iggy by making a false statement that his studio produces best quality sound recordings. Henry had placed the BlauGunkt recording machine in the studio, which convinced Iggy to record with in the studio using the machine, as it is famous for producing best quality music in the music industry. Despite being aware, that Iggy had agreed to record his song using the BlauGunkt machine, which he expressed by pointing at the machine, as he expected best quality sound recording, Henry did not disclose that there was a Donstretta recording machine. According to Tacos case, non-disclosure of relevant information related to the service or goods obtained by the purchaser also amounts to misleading or deceptive conduct under ACL[20]. The ACL stipulates certain statutory guarantees to the consumers and the interested persons who are engaged in any conduct related to trade or commerce. As per the guarantees, Iggy was entitled to receive services that corresponds with the description or statement made by Henry and that which serves his purpose which was to record a best quality song. This establishes that Henry has failed to comply with the statutory guarantees stipulated under section 54 of the ACL. Section 29 of the ACL prohibits a person or businesses to make any false statements or engage in any form of unfair practices as was ruled in the Apples case[21]. In the given scenario, Henry made false statements with respect to the goods regarding its quality of the sound recordings made in the studio[22]. When Iggy asked Henry whether the sound recording quality ion the Conway Recording studio was good, Henry stated that the studio produced best quality sound recordings. According to section 57 of the ACL, every consumer or interested person who is engaged in any form of trade or commerce, is entitled to the right to receive goods or services of acceptable quality and expects to receive goods and services without any defect. Iggy wanted best quality sound recording, which is an implied condition and Henry was under statutry obligation to comply with the statutory guarantees stipulated by the Australian Consumer Law with respect to the goods and services obtained in relation to tra de or commerce[23]. Henry had placed the BlauGunkt recording machine, which convinced Iggy that the studio produces best quality recordings as he himself had used the machines, and it does produces best quality recordings. However, Henry knew that he would be using the Doinstretta recording machine that was placed right behind the BlauGrunkt machine. This establishes the fact that Henry had been engaged in unfair practices such as bait advertising under section 35 of the ACL, which amounts to an infringement under section 29 of the Australian Consumer Law[24]. Henry has been engaged in unfair practices by making false statements with respect to the quality of recordings made by the Conway Studio, have committed a breach of the statury provisions of the ACL, and is entitled to compensate Iggy for the loss resulting out of such breach. 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